Baculum viruses

Undecidable Cases : In some controversies the relevancy of the threat cannot be directly determined from the context of the argument, and so the argument cannot be reliably assessed without background research and contextual analysis in order to determine the relevantly associated facts.

For example, are the following arguments a fallacious? If the U. Sander Herfst, et al. Send corrections or suggestions to larchie[at]philosophy.

Works for sale must link to a free copy. Argumentum ad Baculum fear of force : the fallacy committed when one appeals to force or the threat of force to bring about the acceptance of a conclusion. You are deeply interested in literature. Notes 1. Argumentum ad Baculum Abstract : The argumentum ad baculum is based upon the appeal to force or threat in order to bring about the acceptance of a conclusion. Event x is harmful, dangerous, or threatening.

The measure, if it succeeded, would lead to new demands and open a door to innovations of which none could calculate the extent or foresee the consequences. Companies like Dupont, biosys, American Cyanamid, and Agrivirion to name a few have continued to explore the expansion and development of agricultural-use viral insecticides.

Recently, biosys has released two baculovirus-based products, Spod-X for beet armyworm and Gemstar LC for tobacco budworm and cotton bollworm. Viruses are unable to reproduce without a host - they are obligate parasites. Baculoviruses are no exception.

The cells of the host's body are taken over by the genetic message carried within each virion Fig. C , and forced to produce more virus particles until the cell, and ultimately the insect, dies. Most baculoviruses cause the host insect to die in a way that will maximize the chance that other insects will come in contact with the virus and become infected in turn above and Fig.

As seen in the animation on the right, infection by baculovirus begins when an insect eats virus particles on a plant - perhaps from a sprayed treatment. The infected insect dies and "melts" or falls apart on foliage, releasing more virus. This additional infective material can infect more insects, continuing the cycle. It is widely acknowledged that baculoviruses can be as effective as chemical pesticides in controlling specific insect pests.

However, the expense of treating a hectare of land with a baculovirus product invariably costs more than an equally efficacious chemical treament. This difference in price is due primarily to the labor intensive nature of baculovirus production. Some viruses can be produced in vitro within cell cultures in the laboratory, not requiring whole, living insects.

These are less expensive than those that can only be produced in vivo , that is, inside of living insects. The cost of rearing live hosts adds greatly to the final cost of the product.

It is to be hoped that insect cell culture systems currently being developed for other uses may ultimately make viral pesticides more cost-effective. Insects killed by baculoviruses have a characteristic shiny-oily appearance, and are often seen hanging limply from vegetation Fig. They are extremely fragile to the touch, rupturing to release fluid filled with infective virus particles.

This tendency to remain attached to foliage and then rupture is an important aspect of the virus life-cycle. As discussed above, infection of other insects will only occur if they eat foliage that has been contaminated by virus-killed larvae. It is interesting to note that most baculoviruses, unlike many other viruses, can be seen with a light microscope. The polyhedra of many viruses look like clear, irregular crystals of salt or sand when viewed at x or x.

The fluid inside a dead insect is composed largely of virus polyhedra - many billions are produced inside of one cadaver.

Baculoviruses can be found wherever insects exist. Because rain and wind readily carry baculoviruses from place to place, it is likely that every piece of land and body of water contains some virus particles.

It is widely accepted by researchers that most produce currently on the shelves is "contaminated" by baculovirus particles Heimpel et al. Monitoring Bacula service status. Bacula console available via a Web window.

Multi-user interface. Support for customized and restricted consoles Console ACL function. Volume management. User friendly graphs and metrics. Basic storage daemon operations mount, umount, release, Easy to use configuration and restore wizards. Multiple Director support.

Live AJAX based statuses. Baculum has been tested with Apache, Nginx and Lighttpd web servers. PHP 5. It is php-mysqlnd for PHP, not php-mysql. A working Bacula bconsole - configured Bacula text based console Direct access to the Bacula Catalog database local or remote.

All the above requirements are validated during Baculum start.