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Cover, Joy A. Sadiku solutions manual to Elements of Electromagnetics , 3ed by Matthew N. Hayt Jr. Study of the effect of viscous friction: The above figure is plotted for three different friction coefficients 0, 0. As seen in figure, two important effects are observed as the viscous coefficient is increased.
First, the final steady state velocity is decreased and second the response has less oscillation. Both of these effects could be predicted from Eq.
Additional load inertia effect: As the overall inertia of the system is increased by 0. The above results are plotted for 5 V armature input. As seen, the effect of disturbance on the speed of open loop system is like the effect of higher viscous friction and caused to decrease the steady state value of speed. Using speed response to estimate motor and load inertia: Using first order model we are able to identify system parameters based on unit step response of the system.
The final value of the speed can be read from the curve and it is 8. Considering Eq. Based on this time and energy conservation principle and knowing the rest of parameters we are able to calculate B. However, this method of identification gives us limited information about the system parameters and we need to measure some parameters directly from motor such as Ra , K m , K b and so on.
So far, no current or voltage saturation limit is considered for all simulations using SIMLab software.
Open loop speed response using Virtual Lab: a. Then the system time constant is obviously different and it can be identified from open loop response. Identifying the system based on open loop response: Open loop response of the motor to a unit step input voltage is plotted in above figure.
If we use the calculation of phase and magnitude in both SIMLab and Virtual Lab we will find that as input frequency increases the magnitude of the output decreases and phase lag increases. Because of existing saturations this phenomenon is more sever in the Virtual Lab experiment Apply step inputs SIMLab In this section no saturation is considered either for current or for voltage.
Additional load inertia effect: a. The same values selected for closed loop speed control but as seen in the figure the final value of speeds stayed the same for both cases. As seen, the effect of disturbance on the speed of closed loop system is not substantial like the one on the open loop system in part 5, and again it is shown the robustness of closed loop system against disturbance.
Also, to study the effects of conversion factor see below figure, which is plotted for two different C. Apply step inputs Virtual Lab a. The nonlinearities such as friction and saturation cause these differences. For example, the chattering phenomenon and flatness of the response at the beginning can be considered as some results of nonlinear elements in Virtual Lab software. Examine the effect of integral control Golnaraghi, Kuo Automatic Control Systems, 9th Edition Chapter 6 Solutions Golnaraghi, Kuo In above figure, an integral gain of 1 is considered for all curves.
Comparing this plot with the previous one without integral gain, results in less steady state error for the case of controller with integral part. As seen in the figure, for higher proportional gains the effect of saturations appears by reducing the frequency and damping property of the system. Comments on Eq. In experiments 19 through 21 we observe an under damp response of a second order system. According to the equation, as the proportional gain increases, the damped frequency must be increased and this fact is verified in experiments 19 through Experiments16 through 18 exhibits an over damped second order system responses.
In order to find the current of the motor, the motor constant has to be separated from the electrical component of the motor. The response of the motor when 5V of step input is applied is: a The steady state speed: This is the time constant of the motor.
The current When Jm is increased by a factor of 2, it takes 0. This means that the time constant has been doubled. The motor achieves this speed 0. It does not change. This is the same as problem It does not change d As TL increases in magnitude, the steady state velocity decreases and steady state current increases; however, the time constant does not change in all three cases. If there is saturation, the rise time does not decrease as much as it without saturation. Also, if there is saturation and Kp value is too high, chattering phenomenon may appear.
The torque generated by the motor is 0. It takes 0. In order to get the same result as Problem , the Kp value has to increase by a factor of 5. It has less steady state error and a faster rise time than Problem , but has larger overshoot. As the proportional gain gets higher, the motor has a faster response time and lower steady state error, but if it the gain is too high, the motor overshoot increases. If the system allows for overshoot, the best proportional gain is dependant on how much overshoot the system can have.
As the derivative gain increases, overshoot decreases, but rise time increases. Also, the amplitude of the output starts to decrease when the frequency increases above 0. Repeat the process for other frequency values and use the calculated gain and phase values to plot the frequency response of the system.
Enter the Step Input and Controller Gain values by double clicking on their respective blocks. Observe the steady state value change with K. Simulate the response and show the desire variables.
The other solutions are not breakaway points. These intersection points are shown for part a where the corresponding gain is Imaginary Axis locus diagram. Answers to True and False Review Questions: 6. L j Nyquist diagram is added to the results of sisotool. Higher values of K resulted in unstable Nyquist diagram. The system is stable for 0 Solution is similar to the previous problem. Following is the Nyquist diagram at margin of stability. Part a , Nyquist at margin of stability: Nyquist Diagram 1 0.
The system is unstable for all values of K. Location of poles in root locus diagram of the second figure will also verify that. Nyquist Diagram 20 15 10 Imaginary Axis 5 0 -5 -1 Following two figures illustrate the sisotool and Nyquist results at margin of stability for part a. In this case, we need 0 CCW encirclements. Sadiku solutions manual Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, 3rd edition by C.
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As another example of writing the state equations of an electric network, It is. This PDF 1. The current document download page has been viewed times. File size: Privacy: public file. What is interesting and challenging is that you are going to learn how to apply some of the mathematics that you have acquired during the past two or three years of study in college.
Although it is difficult to adopt all the details and realism of practical problems in a textbook at this level, since on the applications of the Laplace transform to often chosen at the instant in the usual time-domain studies. This assumption does not place linear system prob. Z n pdr. Consider that the forward-path transfer function matrix and the feedback-path transfer function matrix of the system shown in Fig. In general, pp? The matrices A and B may be multiplied together to form the product AB they are conformable.
M-m is the mass of the block alone. Under such conditions, to analyze the system we would have to work with the time function r t and g t. To represent these input and output sequences by time-domain expressions, its dynamics can be described by a set of discrete state equations respectively.
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